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Mental Health Bibliography
This is a work in progress, which we intend to become comprehensive. We welcome your suggestions. If you
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Found 112 records
Allen,
J.R., Heston, J., Durbin, C., & Pruitt, D.B. 1998.
Stressors and development: A reciprocal relationship.
Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America,
7(1),
1-17.
Summary: This article describes the effects that stressors such as war, violence, and terrorism have on the cognitive and emotional development of children.
Summary: This article describes the effects that stressors such as war, violence, and terrorism have on the cognitive and emotional development of children.
Allen,
J.R., Whittlesey, S., Pfefferbaum, B., & Ondersma, M.L. 1999.
Community and coping of mothers and grandmothers of children killed in a human-caused disaster.
Psychiatric Annals,
29(2),
85-91.
Summary: This article describes the effects of disasters and traumatic death on families when it concerns a child. Also, coping mechanisms and common themes in a group of mothers and grandmothers of children killed in the Oklahoma City bombing.
Summary: This article describes the effects of disasters and traumatic death on families when it concerns a child. Also, coping mechanisms and common themes in a group of mothers and grandmothers of children killed in the Oklahoma City bombing.
Allen,
J.R., & Pfefferbaum, B. 1998.
What if Astyanax had survived?: War, children, and youth.
Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America,
7(1),
137-151.
Summary: This article discusses the effects of war and violence on children and how it affects their development in terms of posttraumatic stress disorder, antisocial behavior, and the need for revenge. Additionally, increased loss or violence in childhood has been shown to lead to poor coping skills later in life.
Summary: This article discusses the effects of war and violence on children and how it affects their development in terms of posttraumatic stress disorder, antisocial behavior, and the need for revenge. Additionally, increased loss or violence in childhood has been shown to lead to poor coping skills later in life.
Allen,
J.R. 1998.
Of resilience, vulnerability, and a woman who never lived.
Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America,
7(1),
53-71.
Summary: The author discusses the concept of resilience and how this quality can help children in coping with violence and other stressors. Also discussed are factors such as friendships, family, and other sociocultural factors that serve to bolster a child’s resilience.
Summary: The author discusses the concept of resilience and how this quality can help children in coping with violence and other stressors. Also discussed are factors such as friendships, family, and other sociocultural factors that serve to bolster a child’s resilience.
Allen,
J.R. 1999.
After the bombing: Public scenarios and the construction of meaning.
Journal of Oklahoma State Medical Association,
92(4),
187-192.
Summary: This article discusses the different ways that people construct stories, especially pertaining to the Oklahoma City bombing and how this helps them to heal emotionally.
Summary: This article discusses the different ways that people construct stories, especially pertaining to the Oklahoma City bombing and how this helps them to heal emotionally.
Allen,
S.F., Dlugokinski, E.L., Cohen, L.A., & Walder, J.L. 1999.
Assessing the impact of a traumatic community event on children and assisting with their healing.
Psychiatric Annals,
29(2),
93-98.
Summary: This study surveyed Oklahoma City children and analyzed their artwork immediately after and at a later time than the Oklahoma City bombing. Results show that children need to communicate openly about traumatic events and activities such as drawing or exercise may help children to better cope.
Summary: This study surveyed Oklahoma City children and analyzed their artwork immediately after and at a later time than the Oklahoma City bombing. Results show that children need to communicate openly about traumatic events and activities such as drawing or exercise may help children to better cope.
Alper,
G. 2002.
Up close and personal: September 11, through the lens of a psychotherapist.
Journal of Loss & Trauma,
7(4),
251-261.
Summary: This article provides numerous, graphic clinical vignettes of how patients, some of whom actually witnessed the September 11 attack, reacted to the devastation. Two stages are delineated: an initial one in which patients experienced a raising of existential consciousness, a desire to prioritize their lives, an upsurge in the need for meaningful human contact, and a manifest concerted effort to relate in a more compassionate manner, and a second stage, seemingly a backlash to the first, in which patients retreated into frank narcissistic preoccupations as a result of their anger.
Summary: This article provides numerous, graphic clinical vignettes of how patients, some of whom actually witnessed the September 11 attack, reacted to the devastation. Two stages are delineated: an initial one in which patients experienced a raising of existential consciousness, a desire to prioritize their lives, an upsurge in the need for meaningful human contact, and a manifest concerted effort to relate in a more compassionate manner, and a second stage, seemingly a backlash to the first, in which patients retreated into frank narcissistic preoccupations as a result of their anger.
Applewhite,
L., & Dickins, C. 1997.
Coping with terrorism: The OPM-SANG experience.
Military Medicine,
162(4),
240-243.
Summary: In this article, the authors present the psychological effects that a terrorist car bombing had on 52 individuals who were wounded in the attack. Problems such as sleep disturbances, concern for safety, depression, irritability, and survivor guilt were among the symptoms noted along with characteristics that may facilitate effective coping.
Summary: In this article, the authors present the psychological effects that a terrorist car bombing had on 52 individuals who were wounded in the attack. Problems such as sleep disturbances, concern for safety, depression, irritability, and survivor guilt were among the symptoms noted along with characteristics that may facilitate effective coping.
Banauch,
G., McLaughlin, M., Hirschhorn, R., Corrigan, M., Kelly, K. & Prezant, D. 2002.
Injuries and illness among New York City Fire Department rescue workers after responding to the World Trade Center attacks.
JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association,
288(13),
1581-1584.
Summary: The increase in stress related medical leave did not occur in large numbers until months after the September 11 attacks. Repeated exposures at the site and the increasing number of funerals and memorial services that firefighters attended during the next 11 months might have contributed to stress related problems.
Summary: The increase in stress related medical leave did not occur in large numbers until months after the September 11 attacks. Repeated exposures at the site and the increasing number of funerals and memorial services that firefighters attended during the next 11 months might have contributed to stress related problems.
Becker,
C., Chasin, L., Chasin, R., Herzig, M., Madsen, B., Roth, S. & Stains, R. 2002.
Fostering dialogue about what the September 11 events mean to us.
Journal of Systemic Therapies Special Issue: Reflections in the aftermath of September 11,
21(3),
123-124.
Summary: Since September 11, many people in the US and abroad have been living with hurt, fear, and confusion. Yet many of us have found it difficult to talk about those terrible events, those that led up to them, and those that have occurred subsequently. The Public Conversations Project (PCP) was formed by a small group of professionals, primarily family therapists, who believed that family therapy skills could be used to promote constructive conversations about divisive public issues. This project intended to help friends, family members, and neighbors talk together about their personal reactions to September 11.
Summary: Since September 11, many people in the US and abroad have been living with hurt, fear, and confusion. Yet many of us have found it difficult to talk about those terrible events, those that led up to them, and those that have occurred subsequently. The Public Conversations Project (PCP) was formed by a small group of professionals, primarily family therapists, who believed that family therapy skills could be used to promote constructive conversations about divisive public issues. This project intended to help friends, family members, and neighbors talk together about their personal reactions to September 11.
Bohart,
A.C. 2002.
The feeling of realness: Evil and meaning making.
Humanistic Psychologist,
30(3),
239-251.
Summary: In the context of September 11, 2001, the author asks the following question: What is the nature of "evil" and oppression and how is it that people can do such evil to one another? It is argued that a "feeling of realness" underlies the ability of humans to feel so morally righteous that they are willing to kill and oppress others. The author discusses the role of reflectivity in transcending the feeling of realness to make morally complex decisions, and briefly addresses the role of the feeling of realness in other aspects of reactions to the events of September 11.
Summary: In the context of September 11, 2001, the author asks the following question: What is the nature of "evil" and oppression and how is it that people can do such evil to one another? It is argued that a "feeling of realness" underlies the ability of humans to feel so morally righteous that they are willing to kill and oppress others. The author discusses the role of reflectivity in transcending the feeling of realness to make morally complex decisions, and briefly addresses the role of the feeling of realness in other aspects of reactions to the events of September 11.
Carll,
E.K. 1999.
Violence in our lives: Impact on workplace, home, and community. Allyn and Bacon: Massachusetts,
Summary: This book serves to help readers think about the amount of violence that we are subjected to as a society and how to break this cycle of violence. Specific topics include violence and terrorism in the workplace, domestic and family violence, and the effects of violence portrayed in the media. This book presents many real-life incidents involving violence and offers a number of possible strategies and interventions aimed at alleviating the effects of trauma when they do occur.
Summary: This book serves to help readers think about the amount of violence that we are subjected to as a society and how to break this cycle of violence. Specific topics include violence and terrorism in the workplace, domestic and family violence, and the effects of violence portrayed in the media. This book presents many real-life incidents involving violence and offers a number of possible strategies and interventions aimed at alleviating the effects of trauma when they do occur.
Conran,
T. 2002.
Solemn witness: A pilgrimage to Ground Zero at the World Trade Center.
Journal of Systemic Therapies Special Issue: Reflections in the aftermath of September 11,
21(3),
39-47.
Summary: A visit to ground zero of the World Trade Center debris site became a personal pilgrimage into reflections on the connections between personal and political traumas, the most intimate of tragedies and the most global of nightmares. A narration of experiences in a walk around the disaster zone is punctuated with considerations of how therapy can dialogue with trauma and how it may be possible to transcend cycles of violence and vengeance for both individuals and societies.
Summary: A visit to ground zero of the World Trade Center debris site became a personal pilgrimage into reflections on the connections between personal and political traumas, the most intimate of tragedies and the most global of nightmares. A narration of experiences in a walk around the disaster zone is punctuated with considerations of how therapy can dialogue with trauma and how it may be possible to transcend cycles of violence and vengeance for both individuals and societies.
Corrado,
R.R., & Tomkins, E. 1989.
A comparative model of the psychological effects on the victims of state and anti-state terrorism.
International Journal of Law & Psychiatry,
12(4),
281-293.
Summary: This article compares the psychological effects of anti-state (AST) and state terrorism (ST) on the victim. The authors show that there appear to be many similarities in psychological reactions of AST and ST and that prolonged violence combined with little hope of relief or escape is critical to understanding why victims of ST are more likely to suffer more serious mental disorders after captivity than victims of AST.
Summary: This article compares the psychological effects of anti-state (AST) and state terrorism (ST) on the victim. The authors show that there appear to be many similarities in psychological reactions of AST and ST and that prolonged violence combined with little hope of relief or escape is critical to understanding why victims of ST are more likely to suffer more serious mental disorders after captivity than victims of AST.
Cournos,
F. 2002.
Psychoeducational debriefings after the September 11 Disaster.
Psychiatric Services,
53(4),
479.
Summary: This article discusses the results of several debriefings that took place after September 11 to provide information about emotional responses to disaster and steps people might take to feel safer. 82% of participants found the session to be helpful, 68% felt better after the session, and 74% said that the session helped them to better talk to their children. These results show that there is a positive impact to debriefing sessions after a disaster.
Summary: This article discusses the results of several debriefings that took place after September 11 to provide information about emotional responses to disaster and steps people might take to feel safer. 82% of participants found the session to be helpful, 68% felt better after the session, and 74% said that the session helped them to better talk to their children. These results show that there is a positive impact to debriefing sessions after a disaster.
Curran,
P.S. 1988.
Psychiatric aspects of terrorist violence: Northern Ireland 1969-1987.
British Journal of Psychiatry,
153,
470-475.
Summary: The author discusses the psychological impact in Northern Ireland of activity by terrorist organizations. While the author does state that there are methodological difficulties in assessing the psychological impact of civil disorder and terrorism, the impact has not been judged as considerable due to possible nonreporting, migration, habituation, catharsis, community cohesion, and latency period.
Summary: The author discusses the psychological impact in Northern Ireland of activity by terrorist organizations. While the author does state that there are methodological difficulties in assessing the psychological impact of civil disorder and terrorism, the impact has not been judged as considerable due to possible nonreporting, migration, habituation, catharsis, community cohesion, and latency period.
de Dunayevich,
J.B., & Puget, J. 1989.
State terrorism and psychoanalysis.
International Journal of Mental Health,
18(2),
98-112.
Summary: This article discusses the psychological effects on society of state terrorism in Argentina. The effects of repression and special mourning are examined for treatment of victims.
Summary: This article discusses the psychological effects on society of state terrorism in Argentina. The effects of repression and special mourning are examined for treatment of victims.
de Jong,
J. (Ed.) 2002.
Trauma, war, and violence: Public mental health in socio-cultural context..
New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers,
Summary: This book describes several programs that address mental health and psychosocial problems in low-income countries and conflict and post-conflict areas in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. The book focuses on the public mental health aspects of complex humanitarian and political emergencies relating to terrorism and human rights violations.
Summary: This book describes several programs that address mental health and psychosocial problems in low-income countries and conflict and post-conflict areas in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. The book focuses on the public mental health aspects of complex humanitarian and political emergencies relating to terrorism and human rights violations.
Desivilya,
H.S., Gal, R., & Ayalon, O. 1996.
Long-term effects of trauma in adolescence: Comparison between survivors of a terrorist attack and control counterparts.
Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal,
9(2),
135-150.
Summary: This article examines the long-term psychological symptoms and behavioral changes resulting from exposure to a terrorist act during adolescence. From in-depth interviews, questionnaires and inventories, the authors found that a face-to-face encounter with terrorism occurring at the developmental stage of adolescence had a pervasive and long-lasting effect on the survivors' adult life, including more mental health problems, lower levels of intimacy with their spouses, more difficulties in attachment, and a more unstable employment history.
Summary: This article examines the long-term psychological symptoms and behavioral changes resulting from exposure to a terrorist act during adolescence. From in-depth interviews, questionnaires and inventories, the authors found that a face-to-face encounter with terrorism occurring at the developmental stage of adolescence had a pervasive and long-lasting effect on the survivors' adult life, including more mental health problems, lower levels of intimacy with their spouses, more difficulties in attachment, and a more unstable employment history.
Difede,
J., Apfeldorf, W.J., Cloitre, M., Spielman, L.A., & Perry, S.W. 1997.
Acute psychiatric responses to the explosion at the World Trade Center: A case series.
Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease,
185(8),
529-522.
Summary: This article describes the psychiatric responses of 9 survivors of the 1993 terrorist explosion at the World Trade Center and most of these survivors had posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is suggested that survivor responses to trauma are influenced by the survivors' fundamental beliefs about themselves, the world, and how others have been affected by the event.
Summary: This article describes the psychiatric responses of 9 survivors of the 1993 terrorist explosion at the World Trade Center and most of these survivors had posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is suggested that survivor responses to trauma are influenced by the survivors' fundamental beliefs about themselves, the world, and how others have been affected by the event.
DiGiovanni,
C. 1999.
Domestic terrorism with chemical or biological agents: Psychiatric aspects.
American Journal of Psychiatry,
156(10),
1500-1505.
Summary: This article details the mental health consequences of terrorist incidents involving chemical or biological weapons. Disturbances of behavior, affect, and cognition can result directly from the chemical and biological weapon agents and incidents involving these agents can have immediate or delayed psychological effects on individuals and the community.
Summary: This article details the mental health consequences of terrorist incidents involving chemical or biological weapons. Disturbances of behavior, affect, and cognition can result directly from the chemical and biological weapon agents and incidents involving these agents can have immediate or delayed psychological effects on individuals and the community.
Dreman,
S., & Cohen, E. 1990.
Children of victims of terrorism revisited: Integrating individual and family treatment approaches.
American Journal of Orthopsychiatry,
60(2),
204-209.
Summary: This study follows-up on four children exposed to one or both of their parents being killed by terrorists. At the time of the study, the children were aged 20-22 yrs and three of the subjects had problems with long term adjustment including: fear of loss of control, pessimism, re-enactment behavior, situationally triggered anxiety, stigma, shame, guilt, denial, impulse control problems, antisocial behavior, and interpersonal relationship problems.
Summary: This study follows-up on four children exposed to one or both of their parents being killed by terrorists. At the time of the study, the children were aged 20-22 yrs and three of the subjects had problems with long term adjustment including: fear of loss of control, pessimism, re-enactment behavior, situationally triggered anxiety, stigma, shame, guilt, denial, impulse control problems, antisocial behavior, and interpersonal relationship problems.
Everly,
G.S., & Mitchell, J.T. 2001.
America under attack: The "10 Commandments" of responding to mass terrorist attacks.
International Journal of Emergency Mental Health,
3(3),
133-135.
Summary: The psychological effects of the September 11, 2001 attacks may not be known for years. This paper discusses a structure for understanding the phases of terrorism as well as 10 recommendations for responding to acts of terrorism.
Summary: The psychological effects of the September 11, 2001 attacks may not be known for years. This paper discusses a structure for understanding the phases of terrorism as well as 10 recommendations for responding to acts of terrorism.
Everly,
G.S. 2000.
The role of pastoral crisis intervention in disasters, terrorism, violence, and other community crises.
International Journal of Emergency Mental Health,
2(3),
139-142.
Summary: "Pastoral crisis intervention" (PCI) is the functional integration of faith-based resources with traditional crisis intervention assessment and intervention technologies and is the functional integration of pastoral activities with traditional crisis intervention/emergency mental health services. This article provides a public health model for integrating PCI services within the larger domain of community disaster response, crisis intervention, and emergency mental health.
Summary: "Pastoral crisis intervention" (PCI) is the functional integration of faith-based resources with traditional crisis intervention assessment and intervention technologies and is the functional integration of pastoral activities with traditional crisis intervention/emergency mental health services. This article provides a public health model for integrating PCI services within the larger domain of community disaster response, crisis intervention, and emergency mental health.
Everly,
G.S. 2000.
Crisis management briefings (CMB): Large group crisis intervention in response to terrorism, disasters and violence.
International Journal of Emergency Mental Health,
2(1),
53-57.
Summary: The psychological consequences of a terrorism attack can span across many people. This article describes a group psychological crisis intervention, the "crisis management briefing" (CMB), which may be used with large groups of individuals in the wake of terrorism, violence, disasters, and other crises. This intervention is designed to mitigate the effects of crises and requires anywhere from 45 to 75 minutes to implement.
Summary: The psychological consequences of a terrorism attack can span across many people. This article describes a group psychological crisis intervention, the "crisis management briefing" (CMB), which may be used with large groups of individuals in the wake of terrorism, violence, disasters, and other crises. This intervention is designed to mitigate the effects of crises and requires anywhere from 45 to 75 minutes to implement.
Fleischman,
A.R., & Wood, E.B. 2002.
Ethical issues in research involving victims of terror.
Journal of Urban Health,
79(3),
315-321.
Galea,
S., Ahern, J., Resnick, H., Kilpatrick, D., Bucuvalas, M., Gold, J., & Vlahov, D. 2002.
Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City.
New England Journal of Medicine,
346(13),
982-987.
Summary: This article determines the prevalence and correlates of acute post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression among residents of Manhattan 5-8 wks after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Among respondents who lived south of Canal Street (i.e., near the World Trade Center), the prevalence of PTSD was 20.0%. Hispanic ethnicity, prior stressors, loss of family members, friends, or possessions, and low social support were shown to be predictors of PTSD and depression.
Summary: This article determines the prevalence and correlates of acute post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression among residents of Manhattan 5-8 wks after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Among respondents who lived south of Canal Street (i.e., near the World Trade Center), the prevalence of PTSD was 20.0%. Hispanic ethnicity, prior stressors, loss of family members, friends, or possessions, and low social support were shown to be predictors of PTSD and depression.
Geis,
H.K., Whittlesey, S.W., McDonald, N.B., Smith, K.L., & Pfefferbaum, B. 1998.
Bereavement and loss in childhood.
Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America,
7(1),
73-85.
Summary: This article examines the process of bereavement, its clinical presentation, and developmental influences. Additionally, it outlines family bereavement issues, pathologic and traumatic bereavement, and treatment strategies.
Summary: This article examines the process of bereavement, its clinical presentation, and developmental influences. Additionally, it outlines family bereavement issues, pathologic and traumatic bereavement, and treatment strategies.
Gidron,
Y. 2002.
Posttraumatic stress disorder after terrorist attacks: A review.
Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease,
190(2),
118-121.
Summary: This article examines the prevalence and risk factors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after terrorist attacks and shows that the prevalence of PTSD after terrorist attack is estimated to be approximately 28%. Additionally, citizens appear to have a considerably higher prevalence rate than security forces.
Summary: This article examines the prevalence and risk factors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after terrorist attacks and shows that the prevalence of PTSD after terrorist attack is estimated to be approximately 28%. Additionally, citizens appear to have a considerably higher prevalence rate than security forces.
Gillespie,
K., Duffy, M., Hackmann, A., & Clark, D.M. 2002.
Community-based cognitive therapy in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder following the Omagh bomb.
Behaviour Research & Therapy 40(4),
40(4),
345-357.
Summary: This study examined the improvements of 91 patients (aged 17-73 yrs) with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) resulting from a car bomb which exploded in the centre of Omagh, Northern Ireland. Patients received an average of eight treatment sessions for PTSD and improvement did occur over time. Patients who were not physically injured improved more than those who were injured.
Summary: This study examined the improvements of 91 patients (aged 17-73 yrs) with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) resulting from a car bomb which exploded in the centre of Omagh, Northern Ireland. Patients received an average of eight treatment sessions for PTSD and improvement did occur over time. Patients who were not physically injured improved more than those who were injured.
Gion,
M.K. 2002.
it really hurts to listen: Psychotherapy in the aftermath of September 11.
Psychiatric Services,
53(5),
561-562.
Summary: This article discusses issues that must be considered when counseling people after the September 11 terrorist attack and how to deal with their own personal feelings in counseling sessions.
Summary: This article discusses issues that must be considered when counseling people after the September 11 terrorist attack and how to deal with their own personal feelings in counseling sessions.
Glad,
B. (Ed.) 1990.
Psychological dimensions of war. US Sage Publications: California,
Summary: This book discusses the various phases of war including motives predisposing people to go to war, decision making, and impacts of combat. Additionally, it explores the implications of social-psychological perspectives for limiting wars in the future.
Summary: This book discusses the various phases of war including motives predisposing people to go to war, decision making, and impacts of combat. Additionally, it explores the implications of social-psychological perspectives for limiting wars in the future.
Gonzalez-Dolginko,
B. 2002.
In the shadows of terror: A community neighboring the World Trade Center disaster uses art therapy to process trauma.
Art Therapy,
19(3),
120-122.
Summary: This brief report discusses work done at the Children's Museum of the Arts with a parent's group with the intention of creating a healing place within the SoHo community after the September 11 attacks. Examples of the art produced during this session, comments made by participants, and suggestions made to these parents concerning their own healing and that of their children are included in this discussion. The effects of posttraumatic stress and strategies for response through art therapy are addressed.
Summary: This brief report discusses work done at the Children's Museum of the Arts with a parent's group with the intention of creating a healing place within the SoHo community after the September 11 attacks. Examples of the art produced during this session, comments made by participants, and suggestions made to these parents concerning their own healing and that of their children are included in this discussion. The effects of posttraumatic stress and strategies for response through art therapy are addressed.
Groebel,
J., & Goldstein, J. H. (Eds.) 1989.
Terrorism: Psychological Perspectives. Publicaciones de la Universidad de Sevilla : Spain,
Summary: This book presents recent research findings and perspectives concerning the development and consequences of terrorism. It discusses the psychological and theoretical problems confronting the study of terrorism and the media as well as the psychological factors involved in the occurrence and consequences of terrorism.
Summary: This book presents recent research findings and perspectives concerning the development and consequences of terrorism. It discusses the psychological and theoretical problems confronting the study of terrorism and the media as well as the psychological factors involved in the occurrence and consequences of terrorism.
Groves,
R.H., Sullivan, M.A., & Long, P.J. 1998.
The impact of trauma and disaster on young children.
Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America,
7(1),
19-32.
Summary: This article discusses the symptoms and causes of posttraumatic stress disorder as well as possible interventions. It also describes future directions of PTSD research and how mental health workers can better help children to cope after traumatic experiences.
Summary: This article discusses the symptoms and causes of posttraumatic stress disorder as well as possible interventions. It also describes future directions of PTSD research and how mental health workers can better help children to cope after traumatic experiences.
Gurwich,
R.H., Sullivan, M.A., & Long, P.J 1998.
The impact of trauma and disaster on young children.
Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America,
7(1),
19-32.
Summary: This article discusses the symptoms and causes of posttraumatic stress disorder as well as possible interventions. It also describes future directions of PTSD research and how mental health workers can better help children to cope after traumatic experiences.
Summary: This article discusses the symptoms and causes of posttraumatic stress disorder as well as possible interventions. It also describes future directions of PTSD research and how mental health workers can better help children to cope after traumatic experiences.
Herman,
R., Kaplan, M., & LeMelle, S. 2002.
Psychoeducational debriefings after the September 11 disaster.
Psychiatric Services,
53(4),
479.
Summary: This article addresses the effectiveness of post-terrorist attack debriefings using a psychoeducational model. 82% of the participants found the intervention helpful, 10% did not find it helpful, and 8% had no opinion. 86% did not find the session harmful, but 3% did find it harmful. 68% of the subjects indicated that they would recommend the sessions to others, 39% felt they would benefit from additional sessions, and 48% indicated that they used information from the sessions to help coworkers, friends, or family. Only 2% of the subjects indicated that they sought mental health services after the session.
Summary: This article addresses the effectiveness of post-terrorist attack debriefings using a psychoeducational model. 82% of the participants found the intervention helpful, 10% did not find it helpful, and 8% had no opinion. 86% did not find the session harmful, but 3% did find it harmful. 68% of the subjects indicated that they would recommend the sessions to others, 39% felt they would benefit from additional sessions, and 48% indicated that they used information from the sessions to help coworkers, friends, or family. Only 2% of the subjects indicated that they sought mental health services after the session.
Hogan,
D.E., Waeckerle, J.F., Dire, D.J., & Lillibridge, S.R. 1999.
Emergency Department Impact of the
Oklahoma City Terrorist Bombing.
Annals of Emergency Medicine,
34(2),
160-167.
Summary: This study served to collect injury data on patients after the Oklahoma City bombing and to describe the effects in area hospitals. Results showed that EMS providers tended to transport more seriously injured patients more often and to closer hospitals. However, most patients were treated and released. The results support previous findings that bombing injuries are usually nonlethal.
Summary: This study served to collect injury data on patients after the Oklahoma City bombing and to describe the effects in area hospitals. Results showed that EMS providers tended to transport more seriously injured patients more often and to closer hospitals. However, most patients were treated and released. The results support previous findings that bombing injuries are usually nonlethal.
Holden,
R.T. 1986.
The contagiousness of aircraft hijacking.
American Journal of Sociology,
91(4),
874-904.
Summary: The author developed a mathematical model of aircraft hijacking as a "contagion" phenomenon and applied it to aircraft hijackings in the US between 1968 and 1972, showing that successful hijackings in the US generated additional hijacking. There were no contagion effects of unsuccessful hijacking attempts.
Summary: The author developed a mathematical model of aircraft hijacking as a "contagion" phenomenon and applied it to aircraft hijackings in the US between 1968 and 1972, showing that successful hijackings in the US generated additional hijacking. There were no contagion effects of unsuccessful hijacking attempts.
Howie,
P., Burch, B., Conrad, S. & Shambaugh, S. 2002.
Releasing trapped images: Children grapple with the reality of the September 11 attacks.
Art Therapy,
19(3),
100-105.
Summary: The authors provided art therapy to groups of children and their families in the aftermath of the Pentagon attack on 9/11/01. As part of a comprehensive family support program provided by the Pentagon Family Assistance Center, the therapists provided interventions for many children whose lives were directly affected by the loss of a close family member. This paper chronicles their participation with these children, describes their methods of working, and includes some information on the theoretical basis for the use of art in the treatment of trauma.
Summary: The authors provided art therapy to groups of children and their families in the aftermath of the Pentagon attack on 9/11/01. As part of a comprehensive family support program provided by the Pentagon Family Assistance Center, the therapists provided interventions for many children whose lives were directly affected by the loss of a close family member. This paper chronicles their participation with these children, describes their methods of working, and includes some information on the theoretical basis for the use of art in the treatment of trauma.
Jensen,
C.J. 2001.
Beyond the tea leaves: Futures research and terrorism.
American Behavioral Scientist Special Issue: Terrorism in the 21st century,
44(6),
914-936.
Summary: While it is impossible to predict the future, the study of futures research can help to foresee certain trends that will affect future events. This article uses cross-impact analysis to study the interactions of four trends that will likely influence the future of international terrorism: the expanded use of the Internet on the international level, the effects of emerging ethnic and religious sensibilities, the growing economic gap between the rich and the poor, and the continued role of the United States as the world's predominant superpower.
Summary: While it is impossible to predict the future, the study of futures research can help to foresee certain trends that will affect future events. This article uses cross-impact analysis to study the interactions of four trends that will likely influence the future of international terrorism: the expanded use of the Internet on the international level, the effects of emerging ethnic and religious sensibilities, the growing economic gap between the rich and the poor, and the continued role of the United States as the world's predominant superpower.
Kaul,
R.E. 2002.
A social worker's account of 31 days responding to the Pentagon disaster: Crisis intervention training and self-care practices.
Brief Treatment & Crisis Intervention Special Issue: Crisis response, debriefing, and intervention in the aftermath of September 11, 2001,
2(1),
33-37.
Summary: This article provides a first-person account of a Red Cross Disaster Mental Health volunteer responding to the terrorist attack on the Pentagon on September 11, 2001. The article describes three distinct assignments, the populations served, and an overview of the interventions employed. The author advocates for formal crisis intervention training and experience for mental health professionals responding to disasters and events of this nature and also emphasizes the importance of mental health responders prioritizing self-care to ensure effective practice during this type of disaster.
Summary: This article provides a first-person account of a Red Cross Disaster Mental Health volunteer responding to the terrorist attack on the Pentagon on September 11, 2001. The article describes three distinct assignments, the populations served, and an overview of the interventions employed. The author advocates for formal crisis intervention training and experience for mental health professionals responding to disasters and events of this nature and also emphasizes the importance of mental health responders prioritizing self-care to ensure effective practice during this type of disaster.
Kinzie,
J.D., Sack, W. H., Angell, R. H., Manson, Spero M., et al 1986.
The psychiatric effects of massive trauma on Cambodian children: I. The children.
Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry,
25(3),
370-376.
Summary: This article describes the psychiatric effects on 40 Cambodian students in the US who suffered massive trauma from 1975 to 1979 compared with six age-matched refugees who escaped the Pol Pot regime. The participants endured separation from family, forced labor, and starvation, and witnessed many deaths. Within four years of leaving Cambodia, 20 students developed posttraumatic stress disorder.
Summary: This article describes the psychiatric effects on 40 Cambodian students in the US who suffered massive trauma from 1975 to 1979 compared with six age-matched refugees who escaped the Pol Pot regime. The participants endured separation from family, forced labor, and starvation, and witnessed many deaths. Within four years of leaving Cambodia, 20 students developed posttraumatic stress disorder.
Kliman,
J., & Llerena-Quinn, R. 2002.
Dehumanizing and rehumanizing responses to September 11.
Journal of Systemic Therapies Special Issue: Reflections in the aftermath of September 11,
21(3),
8-18.
Summary: This article explores Americans' reactions to the national trauma of September 11. It examines individual and collective responses in relation to their potential for escalating the conflict, or for leading to a more permanent peace. The article presents conflict resolution models used in other nations struggling with political violence as alternative pathways for our own country. It discusses the psychosocial dangers involved in the transformation of fear into retaliatory anger, of neglecting unhealed trauma, and of delegating the peace process only to political hierarchies. Finally, it suggests ways in which systemic therapists can apply these approaches to clinical and community practice.
Summary: This article explores Americans' reactions to the national trauma of September 11. It examines individual and collective responses in relation to their potential for escalating the conflict, or for leading to a more permanent peace. The article presents conflict resolution models used in other nations struggling with political violence as alternative pathways for our own country. It discusses the psychosocial dangers involved in the transformation of fear into retaliatory anger, of neglecting unhealed trauma, and of delegating the peace process only to political hierarchies. Finally, it suggests ways in which systemic therapists can apply these approaches to clinical and community practice.
Koopman,
C. 1997.
Political psychology as a lens for viewing traumatic events.
Political Psychology,
18(4),
831-847.
Summary: Psychological perspectives are very useful in understanding traumatic events and associated symptoms and disorders associated with trauma. While a number of studies have examined psychological consequences of traumatic political events, this area of inquiry is rarely explicitly considered within the domain of political psychology. This article adopts a political psychology perspective on traumatic events to enrich the interdisciplinary understanding of traumatic political events and determine programs of intervention to reduce psychological distress resulting from these events.
Summary: Psychological perspectives are very useful in understanding traumatic events and associated symptoms and disorders associated with trauma. While a number of studies have examined psychological consequences of traumatic political events, this area of inquiry is rarely explicitly considered within the domain of political psychology. This article adopts a political psychology perspective on traumatic events to enrich the interdisciplinary understanding of traumatic political events and determine programs of intervention to reduce psychological distress resulting from these events.
Kopala,
M., & Keitel, M.A. 1998.
Groups for traumatic stress disorders.
In: Stoiber, K. C. & Kratochwill, T. R. (Eds). Handbook of group intervention for children and families,
236-267.
Summary: Children who are the victims of natural disasters, accidents, abuse, violence such as terrorism, or war may have higher levels severe stress and possibly posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This article describes early intervention methods for adolescents and children over the age of 11, preschool children and family members.
Summary: Children who are the victims of natural disasters, accidents, abuse, violence such as terrorism, or war may have higher levels severe stress and possibly posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This article describes early intervention methods for adolescents and children over the age of 11, preschool children and family members.
Koplewicz,
H.S., Vogel, J.M., Solanto, M.V., Morrissey, R.F., Alonso, C.M.. Abikoff, H., Gallagher, R., & Novick, R.M. 2002.
Child and parent response to the 1993 World Trade Center bombing.
Journal of Traumatic Stress,
15(1),
77-85.
Summary: This study evaluates children's symptoms 3 and 9 months after the 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center, and the relationship between parent and child reactions when only the children had been in the building. 22 children inside the building at the time of bombing, their parents and 27 controls completed the Posttraumatic Stress Reaction Index and a Fear Inventory. Exposed children and their parents reported posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and disaster-related fears. The association between child and parent symptoms increased over time.
Summary: This study evaluates children's symptoms 3 and 9 months after the 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center, and the relationship between parent and child reactions when only the children had been in the building. 22 children inside the building at the time of bombing, their parents and 27 controls completed the Posttraumatic Stress Reaction Index and a Fear Inventory. Exposed children and their parents reported posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and disaster-related fears. The association between child and parent symptoms increased over time.
Krug,
R.S., Nixon, S. J., & Vincent, R. 1996.
Psychological response to the Oklahoma City bombing.
Journal of Clinical Psychology,
52(1),
103-105.
Summary: In the Oklahoma City bombing, a central issue in the planned response was the prevention of revictimization of persons seriously affected and local, state, and national agencies promoted effective clinical services provision, research facilitation, and prevention of revictimization. Information gathered will contribute to the effort to minimize the potential for such tragedies in the future.
Summary: In the Oklahoma City bombing, a central issue in the planned response was the prevention of revictimization of persons seriously affected and local, state, and national agencies promoted effective clinical services provision, research facilitation, and prevention of revictimization. Information gathered will contribute to the effort to minimize the potential for such tragedies in the future.
Lacerva,
C., Holzman, L., Braun, B., Pearl, D. & Steinberg, K. 2002.
The performance of therapy after September 11.
Journal of Systemic Therapies Special Issue: Reflections in the aftermath of September 11,
21(3),
30-38.
Summary: Performance social therapy is a practice that grew up with and is inseparable from the practice of building community. The interplay of psychotherapy and community is shared, first, through a theoretical description of the politics and methodology of performance social therapy and, second, through a personal (collectively created) narrative of doing therapy in the shadows of the World Trade Center site in the days and weeks following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.
Summary: Performance social therapy is a practice that grew up with and is inseparable from the practice of building community. The interplay of psychotherapy and community is shared, first, through a theoretical description of the politics and methodology of performance social therapy and, second, through a personal (collectively created) narrative of doing therapy in the shadows of the World Trade Center site in the days and weeks following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.
Lanza,
M.L. 1986.
Victims of international terrorism.
Issues in Mental Health Nursing,
8(2),
95-107.
Summary: This article gives an overview of terrorism, its prevention and implications for the nursing field. Victim reactions such as shock and confusion are described and a crisis intervention model is presented for treating traumatic stress reactions in victims of terrorism. Additional guidelines are provided for preventing victimization.
Summary: This article gives an overview of terrorism, its prevention and implications for the nursing field. Victim reactions such as shock and confusion are described and a crisis intervention model is presented for treating traumatic stress reactions in victims of terrorism. Additional guidelines are provided for preventing victimization.
Levy,
B.A., Berberian, M., Brigmon, L.V., Gonzalez, S.N. & Koepfer, S.R. 2002.
Mobilizing community strength: New York art therapists respond.
Art Therapy,
19(3),
106-114.
Summary: After the World Trade Center terrorist attacks on 9/11/01, New York's art therapy community found itself faced with difficult political, professional, and emotional challenges. As volunteerism across this country responded to the need for assistance, many New York art therapists were on the front lines of a wounded and frightened city while attempting to simultaneously cope with the devastation they themselves had survived or witnessed. This article presents the stories of five metropolitan-area art therapists who were actively engaged in relief efforts and who, by joining to write this paper came together to offer solace and cope as a community.
Summary: After the World Trade Center terrorist attacks on 9/11/01, New York's art therapy community found itself faced with difficult political, professional, and emotional challenges. As volunteerism across this country responded to the need for assistance, many New York art therapists were on the front lines of a wounded and frightened city while attempting to simultaneously cope with the devastation they themselves had survived or witnessed. This article presents the stories of five metropolitan-area art therapists who were actively engaged in relief efforts and who, by joining to write this paper came together to offer solace and cope as a community.
McFarlane,
A.C. 1992.
Posttraumatic stress disorder among injured survivors of a terrorist attack: Predictive value of early intrusion and avoidance symptoms.
Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease,
180(9),
599-600.
Summary: Previous studies on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnostic criteria fail to demonstrate that the early intensity of emotional reactions is related to longer-term outcomes. This challenges the theoretical proposition that the intensity of the response to the trauma is of primary importance to treatment.
Summary: Previous studies on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnostic criteria fail to demonstrate that the early intensity of emotional reactions is related to longer-term outcomes. This challenges the theoretical proposition that the intensity of the response to the trauma is of primary importance to treatment.
Melville,
M.B., & Lykes, M.B. 1992.
Guatemalan Indian children and the sociocultural effects of government-sponsored terrorism.
Social Science & Medicine,
34(5),
533-548.
Summary: This article describes the emotional, social, and cultural effects of government-sponsored terrorism on 32 Mayan children in Guatemala and 36 Guatemalan children who were exiled in Mexico. The study compared the children with respect to the negative effects of civil war and the adaptive capabilities of those who had experienced the loss of immediate family members, witnessed violent crimes, and were displaced from their homes. Children experiencing the most fear were in Guatemalan villages and children in Mexican refugee camps were less fearful.
Summary: This article describes the emotional, social, and cultural effects of government-sponsored terrorism on 32 Mayan children in Guatemala and 36 Guatemalan children who were exiled in Mexico. The study compared the children with respect to the negative effects of civil war and the adaptive capabilities of those who had experienced the loss of immediate family members, witnessed violent crimes, and were displaced from their homes. Children experiencing the most fear were in Guatemalan villages and children in Mexican refugee camps were less fearful.
Miller,
K. E. 1996.
The effects of state terrorism and exile on indigenous Guatemalan refugee children: A
mental health assessment and an analysis of children's narratives.
Child Development,
67(1),
89-106.
Summary: This study examined the mental health and psychosocial development of 58 Guatemalan Mayan Indian children living in 2 refugee camps in Chiapas, Mexico. The data gathered showed minimal evidence of psychological trauma in this sample, partly due to positive parental relationships. However, girls who showed signs of depression tended to have mothers who were in poor health.
Summary: This study examined the mental health and psychosocial development of 58 Guatemalan Mayan Indian children living in 2 refugee camps in Chiapas, Mexico. The data gathered showed minimal evidence of psychological trauma in this sample, partly due to positive parental relationships. However, girls who showed signs of depression tended to have mothers who were in poor health.
Moyers,
F. 1996.
Oklahoma City bombing: Exacerbation of symptoms in veterans with PTSD.
Archives of Psychiatric Nursing,
10(1),
55-59.
Summary: This article discusses the reexperiencing of symptoms in World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following the 1995 bombing of a Federal building in Oklahoma City. Additionally, this article discusses the symptoms that veterans attending PTSD support groups experienced following the bombing.
Summary: This article discusses the reexperiencing of symptoms in World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following the 1995 bombing of a Federal building in Oklahoma City. Additionally, this article discusses the symptoms that veterans attending PTSD support groups experienced following the bombing.
National Advisory Committee,
National Advisory Committee on Children and Terrorism: Recommendations to the Secretary, June 12, 2003,
Summary: "This document represents the consensus recommendations of the National Advisory Committee on Children and Terrorism, a group composed of a variety of experts and professional organizations from the fields of public health, education, pediatrics, child development, psychiatry, emergency mgmt., disaster planning and child advocacy. The NACCT was established on 5/12/02 per the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA), for the purpose of making recommendations to the Sec. of the Health and Human Services on matters related to terrorism and its impact on children."
Summary: "This document represents the consensus recommendations of the National Advisory Committee on Children and Terrorism, a group composed of a variety of experts and professional organizations from the fields of public health, education, pediatrics, child development, psychiatry, emergency mgmt., disaster planning and child advocacy. The NACCT was established on 5/12/02 per the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA), for the purpose of making recommendations to the Sec. of the Health and Human Services on matters related to terrorism and its impact on children."
National Association of School Psychologists,
A National Tragedy, Helping Children Cope: Tips for Parents and Teachers,
Summary: A handout from the National Association of School Psychologists (NASP), this document outlines steps that parents and all adults can take to assure that children effectively cope with terrorist attacks.
Summary: A handout from the National Association of School Psychologists (NASP), this document outlines steps that parents and all adults can take to assure that children effectively cope with terrorist attacks.
Neilsen,
M.E. 2001.
Religion’s role in the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001.
North American Journal of Psychology,
Summary: This article discusses the role that religion played in the September 11 attacks and the motivation behind the attacks. Additionally, the author lists several steps that individuals can take to psychologically deal with the situation.
Summary: This article discusses the role that religion played in the September 11 attacks and the motivation behind the attacks. Additionally, the author lists several steps that individuals can take to psychologically deal with the situation.
Nixon,
S.J., Schorr, J., Boudreaux, A., & Vincent, R.D. 1999.
Perceived sources of support and their effectiveness for Oklahoma City firefighters.
Psychiatric Annals,
29(2),
101-105.
Summary: This study was designed to look at the relationship between the effects that the Oklahoma City bombing had on firefighters and how emotional support from others helped them to psychologically recover after the bombing. The article also includes suggestions for recovery through social support and faith.
Summary: This study was designed to look at the relationship between the effects that the Oklahoma City bombing had on firefighters and how emotional support from others helped them to psychologically recover after the bombing. The article also includes suggestions for recovery through social support and faith.
Nixon,
S.J., Vincent, R., Krug, R.S., & Pfefferbaum, B. 1998.
Structure and organization of research efforts following the bombing of the Murrah Building.
Journal of Personal and Interpersonal Loss,
3,
99-115.
Summary: This article describes the centralized approach to research, clinical service delivery, and educational intervention addressed by experts across the country after the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing.
Summary: This article describes the centralized approach to research, clinical service delivery, and educational intervention addressed by experts across the country after the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing.
Nixon,
S.J., Schorr, J., Boudreaux, A., & Vincent, R.D. 1999.
Perceived effects and recovery in Oklahoma City firefighters.
Journal of Oklahoma State Medical Association,
92(4),
172-177.
Summary: The authors surveyed 325 Oklahoma City firefighters after the 1995 bombing to determine their perceptions of the effect of the bombing, their recovery, and their sources of support. The results suggest that “faith” played a primary role in recovery as well as chaplains and other spiritual leaders.
Summary: The authors surveyed 325 Oklahoma City firefighters after the 1995 bombing to determine their perceptions of the effect of the bombing, their recovery, and their sources of support. The results suggest that “faith” played a primary role in recovery as well as chaplains and other spiritual leaders.
North,
C.S., Nixon, S.J., Shariat, S., Mallonee, S., McMillen, J.C., Spitznagel, E.L., & Smith, E.M. 1999.
Psychiatric disorders among survivors of the Oklahoma City bombing.
Journal of the American Medical Association,
282(8),
755-762.
Summary: After the Oklahoma City bombing, it was predicted that the event would result in profound psychiatric effects for survivors. This study tests this notion and finds that 45% of those screened showed symptoms of PTSD and 75% of those people showed PTSD symptoms in the first day after the bombing.
Summary: After the Oklahoma City bombing, it was predicted that the event would result in profound psychiatric effects for survivors. This study tests this notion and finds that 45% of those screened showed symptoms of PTSD and 75% of those people showed PTSD symptoms in the first day after the bombing.
Ofman,
P.S., Mastria, M. A., & Steinberg, J. 2002.
Mental health response to terrorism: The World Trade Center bombing.
Journal of Mental Health Counseling Special Issue: Disasters and crises: A mental health counseling perspective,
17(3),
312-320.
Summary: This article reviews other articles pertaining directly to emotional responses to terrorism. The effects of the bombing of the World Trade Center are discussed as well as some observations related to the Oklahoma City bombing.
Summary: This article reviews other articles pertaining directly to emotional responses to terrorism. The effects of the bombing of the World Trade Center are discussed as well as some observations related to the Oklahoma City bombing.
Olsson,
P.A. 1998.
The terrorist and the terrorized: Some psychoanalytic consideration.
Journal of Psychiatry,
15(1),
47-60.
Summary: This article proposes a framework to assist in understanding the psychology behind the motivations of a terrorist act. The author discusses the implications for children growing up in places where terrorism is a daily activity, child development of terrorists, the media, groups dynamics of terrorist organizations.
Summary: This article proposes a framework to assist in understanding the psychology behind the motivations of a terrorist act. The author discusses the implications for children growing up in places where terrorism is a daily activity, child development of terrorists, the media, groups dynamics of terrorist organizations.
Parson,
E.R. 1995.
Mass traumatic terror in Oklahoma City and the phases of adaptational coping: II.
Integration of cognitive, behavioral, dynamic, existential and pharmacologic interventions.
Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy,
25(4),
267-309.
Summary: This article discusses the prevention and intervention of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the Oklahoma City bombing. Also, it presents a 4-phase interactive model that integrates cognitive, behavioral, psychodynamic, and existential techniques and stressed preventing post-disaster traumatic decline in all phases.
Summary: This article discusses the prevention and intervention of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the Oklahoma City bombing. Also, it presents a 4-phase interactive model that integrates cognitive, behavioral, psychodynamic, and existential techniques and stressed preventing post-disaster traumatic decline in all phases.
Parson,
E.R. 1995.
Mass traumatic terror in Oklahoma City and the phases of adaptational coping: I. Possible effects of intentional injury/harm on victim's post-traumatic responses.
Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy,
25(3),
155-184.
Summary: This article discusses the traumatic effects of the Oklahoma City bombing on people in the area, and offers guidelines to intervention. Traumatic stress responses in disaster victims and assessment, prevention, and treatment issues are also examined.
Summary: This article discusses the traumatic effects of the Oklahoma City bombing on people in the area, and offers guidelines to intervention. Traumatic stress responses in disaster victims and assessment, prevention, and treatment issues are also examined.
Peak,
K.S. 2000.
Oklahoma City: Posttraumatic stress disorder and gender differences.
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering,
60(9-B),
4901.
Summary: After the Oklahoma City bombing, a bombing exposure screening questionnaire was administered to approximately 3,000 students in grades six through twelve. The purpose of this study was to determine the severity of PTSD symptoms reported by children and adolescents at 7 weeks after the bombing. Results showed that females reported significantly higher posttraumatic stress severity scores than males. In addition, those who knew someone who was injured or killed by the blast reported higher posttraumatic stress severity than others.
Summary: After the Oklahoma City bombing, a bombing exposure screening questionnaire was administered to approximately 3,000 students in grades six through twelve. The purpose of this study was to determine the severity of PTSD symptoms reported by children and adolescents at 7 weeks after the bombing. Results showed that females reported significantly higher posttraumatic stress severity scores than males. In addition, those who knew someone who was injured or killed by the blast reported higher posttraumatic stress severity than others.
Pfefferbaum,
B., Call, J.A., & Sconzo, G.M. 1999.
Mental health services for children in the first two years after the 1995 Oklahoma City terrorism bombing.
Psychiatric Services,
50(7),
956-958.
Summary: This article describes the development and implementation of a school-based mental health program that provided services to children affected by the Oklahoma City bombing. Special emphasis is placed upon the goal toward normalization, counseling, and support groups.
Summary: This article describes the development and implementation of a school-based mental health program that provided services to children affected by the Oklahoma City bombing. Special emphasis is placed upon the goal toward normalization, counseling, and support groups.
Pfefferbaum,
B., & Allen, J.R. 1998.
Stress in children exposed to violence: Reenactment and rage..
Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America,
7(1),
121-135.
Summary: Much is known about the influence of violence on aggressive behavior in childhood. However, less is known about the influence of violence on posttraumatic stress responses in children. This article examines childhood posttraumatic stress responses and determines that PTSD in childhood also leads to heightened violence later on in life.
Summary: Much is known about the influence of violence on aggressive behavior in childhood. However, less is known about the influence of violence on posttraumatic stress responses in children. This article examines childhood posttraumatic stress responses and determines that PTSD in childhood also leads to heightened violence later on in life.
Pfefferbaum,
B., Moore, V.L., McDonald, N.B., Maynard, B.T., Gurwich, R.H., & Nixon, S.J. 1999.
The role of exposure in posttraumatic stress in youths following the 1995 bombing.
The Journal of the Oklahoma State Medical Association,
92(4),
Summary: This study examines the impact of the Oklahoma City bombing on youths in the seven weeks following the event. Youths who were more exposed to the bombing through physical proximity or immediate family casualties were more likely to be affected psychologically by the bombing.
Summary: This study examines the impact of the Oklahoma City bombing on youths in the seven weeks following the event. Youths who were more exposed to the bombing through physical proximity or immediate family casualties were more likely to be affected psychologically by the bombing.
Pfefferbaum,
B., Flynn, B.W., Brandt, E.N., & Lensgraf, S.J. 1999.
Organizing the mental health response to human-caused community disasters with reference to the Oklahoma City bombing.
Psychiatric Annals,
29(2),
109-113.
Summary: This article describes several ways in which a community can organize its mental health services to better respond to a disaster. By using the Oklahoma City bombing as a reference, the authors discuss different strategies for training and different challenges associated with disaster preparation.
Summary: This article describes several ways in which a community can organize its mental health services to better respond to a disaster. By using the Oklahoma City bombing as a reference, the authors discuss different strategies for training and different challenges associated with disaster preparation.
Pfefferbaum,
B., Nawaz, S., & Kearns, L.J. 1999.
Posttraumatic stress disorder in children: Implications for assessment, prevention, and referral in primary care.
The Journal of Oklahoma State Medical Association,
92(7),
309-315.
Summary: This article describes posttraumatic stress disorder as it pertains to children and their responses to traumatic events. Also discussed are the factors that influence the development of PTSD symptoms in childhood.
Summary: This article describes posttraumatic stress disorder as it pertains to children and their responses to traumatic events. Also discussed are the factors that influence the development of PTSD symptoms in childhood.
Pfefferbaum,
B., Nixon, S.J., Krug, R.S., Tivis, R.D., Moore, V.L., Brown, J.M., Pynoos, R.S., Foy, D.,
& Gurwich, R.H. 1999.
Clinical needs assessment of middle and high school students following the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing.
American Journal of Psychiatry,
156(7),
1069-1074.
Summary: This article describes a clinical assessment to identify Oklahoma City students in need of formal evaluation for PTSD symptoms following the 1995 bombing. The study showed the intensity of community exposure to the bombing and the lingering symptoms of stress.
Summary: This article describes a clinical assessment to identify Oklahoma City students in need of formal evaluation for PTSD symptoms following the 1995 bombing. The study showed the intensity of community exposure to the bombing and the lingering symptoms of stress.
Pfefferbaum,
B., Nixon, S.J., Tucker, P.M., Tivis, R.D., Moore, V.L., Gurwitch, R.H., Pynoos, R.S., &
Geis, H.K. 1999.
Posttraumatic stress responses in bereaved children after the Oklahoma City bombing.
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,
38(11),
1372-1378.
Summary: This study investigated the responses of middle and high school students exposed to the Oklahoma City bombing. Using a survey, the authors found that the responses of the children supported previous literature concerning PTSD. Additionally, the study suggests that television and youths’ reactivity to it may play a role in PTSD.
Summary: This study investigated the responses of middle and high school students exposed to the Oklahoma City bombing. Using a survey, the authors found that the responses of the children supported previous literature concerning PTSD. Additionally, the study suggests that television and youths’ reactivity to it may play a role in PTSD.
Pfefferbaum,
B., & Pfefferbaum, R. 1998.
Contagion in stress: An infectious disease model for
posttraumatic stress in children.
Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America,
7(1),
183-194.
Summary: This article examines the ways in which physical and emotional proximity to a traumatic event can lead to an increase in PTSD. It also discusses how PTSD can act much as an infectious disease does, spreading from person to person.
Summary: This article examines the ways in which physical and emotional proximity to a traumatic event can lead to an increase in PTSD. It also discusses how PTSD can act much as an infectious disease does, spreading from person to person.
Pfefferbaum,
B., Seale, T.W., McDonald, N.B., Brandt, E.N., Rainwater, S.M., Maynard, B.T.,
Meierhoefer, B., & Miller, P.D. 2000.
Posttraumatic stress two years after the Oklahoma City bombing in youths geographically distant from the explosion.
Psychiatry: Interpersonal & Biological Processes,
63(4),
358-370.
Summary: The authors of this article conducted a survey of 69 6th-grade youths assessing exposure, PTSD symptoms, and function 2 years after the Oklahoma City bombing. These youths neither had any direct physical exposure nor personally knew anyone killed or injured in the explosion. Findings suggest that children geographically distant from disaster who have not directly experienced an interpersonal loss report PTSD symptoms and functional impairment associated with increased media exposure and indirect loss.
Summary: The authors of this article conducted a survey of 69 6th-grade youths assessing exposure, PTSD symptoms, and function 2 years after the Oklahoma City bombing. These youths neither had any direct physical exposure nor personally knew anyone killed or injured in the explosion. Findings suggest that children geographically distant from disaster who have not directly experienced an interpersonal loss report PTSD symptoms and functional impairment associated with increased media exposure and indirect loss.
Pfefferbaum,
B., Gurwitch, R.H., McDonald, N.B., Leftwich, M.J.T., Sconzo, G.M., Messenbaugh, A.K. and Schultz, R.A. 2000.
Posttraumatic stress among young children after the death of a friend or acquaintance in a terrorist bombing.
Psychiatric Services,
51(3),
386-388.
Summary: This study examined effects of traumatic loss on children who reported a friend or acquaintance killed in the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing of a federal office building. Nearly all of the children experienced posttraumatic stress symptoms. Those who lost a friend watched significantly more bombing-related television coverage than those without losses and had significantly more PTSD symptoms at the time of the assessment than those who lost an acquaintance.
Summary: This study examined effects of traumatic loss on children who reported a friend or acquaintance killed in the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing of a federal office building. Nearly all of the children experienced posttraumatic stress symptoms. Those who lost a friend watched significantly more bombing-related television coverage than those without losses and had significantly more PTSD symptoms at the time of the assessment than those who lost an acquaintance.
Pfefferbaum,
B., Call, J.A., & Sconzo, G.M. 1999.
Mental health services for children in the first two
years after the 1995 Oklahoma City terrorist bombing.
Psychiatric Services,
50(7),
956-958.
Summary: The 1995 terrorist bombing in Oklahoma City focused attention on children in the disaster response efforts. This paper describes the development and implementation of a school-based mental health program as well as a needs assessment of all children in the Oklahoma City public school and the effectiveness of psychological services.
Summary: The 1995 terrorist bombing in Oklahoma City focused attention on children in the disaster response efforts. This paper describes the development and implementation of a school-based mental health program as well as a needs assessment of all children in the Oklahoma City public school and the effectiveness of psychological services.
Pfefferbaum,
B., Allen, J.R., Lindsay, E.D., & Whittlesey, S.W. 1999.
Fabricated Trauma Exposure: An analysis of cognitive, behavioral, and emotional factors.
Psychiatry,
62,
293-302.
Summary: This case study describes a child who fabricated a story of loss connected with the Oklahoma City bombing and the conditions underlying this fabrication. Additionally, the article describes children’s vulnerability to trauma and their coping mechanisms.
Summary: This case study describes a child who fabricated a story of loss connected with the Oklahoma City bombing and the conditions underlying this fabrication. Additionally, the article describes children’s vulnerability to trauma and their coping mechanisms.
Pfefferbaum,
B. 1998.
Caring for children affected by disaster.
The Child Psychiatrist in the Community,
7(3),
579-597.
Summary: This article reviews the process by which children respond to disaster and ways in which caregivers and communities can help to alleviate negative responses to disastrous events. Treatment and assessment are discussed as well as future directions for the mental health community in dealing with the psychological effects of a disaster.
Summary: This article reviews the process by which children respond to disaster and ways in which caregivers and communities can help to alleviate negative responses to disastrous events. Treatment and assessment are discussed as well as future directions for the mental health community in dealing with the psychological effects of a disaster.
Pfefferbaum,
B. 1997.
Posttraumatic stress disorder in children: A review of the past 10 years.
Journal of the Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,
36(11),
1503-1511.
Summary: This article examines the PTSD literature over the past ten years. The author concludes that while the assessment of PTSD has been extensively studied, the long-term effects and treatment have not been studied to such a great extent.
Summary: This article examines the PTSD literature over the past ten years. The author concludes that while the assessment of PTSD has been extensively studied, the long-term effects and treatment have not been studied to such a great extent.
Reilly,
I. 2002.
Trauma and family therapy: Reflections on September 11 from Northern Ireland.
Journal of Systemic Therapies Special Issue: Reflections in the aftermath of September 11,
21(3),
71-80.
Summary: This article draws on the author's experience of living and working in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Connections between the traumatic events of September 11 and the situation in the north of Ireland of ongoing civil conflict and violence are developed and aspects of therapeutic practice are described. Coping with the effects of trauma presents systemic therapists with multiple and complex challenges in whatever sociopolitical context they practice. A therapist stance that combines flexibility and openness of attitude with the creative use of therapeutic practices, including those from other modalities, will assist systemic therapists in rising to these challenges.
Summary: This article draws on the author's experience of living and working in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Connections between the traumatic events of September 11 and the situation in the north of Ireland of ongoing civil conflict and violence are developed and aspects of therapeutic practice are described. Coping with the effects of trauma presents systemic therapists with multiple and complex challenges in whatever sociopolitical context they practice. A therapist stance that combines flexibility and openness of attitude with the creative use of therapeutic practices, including those from other modalities, will assist systemic therapists in rising to these challenges.
Rigamer,
E.F. 1986.
Psychological management of children in a national crisis.
Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry,
25(3),
364-369.
Summary: This article describes an intervention program conducted for teachers, parents, and 122 children in an American diplomatic community following the assassination of the American ambassador in Kabul. Adults' initial response to the effect of the trauma on the children was denial, but most of the children used repetitive narrations, drawings, and play to deal with emotional trauma.
Summary: This article describes an intervention program conducted for teachers, parents, and 122 children in an American diplomatic community following the assassination of the American ambassador in Kabul. Adults' initial response to the effect of the trauma on the children was denial, but most of the children used repetitive narrations, drawings, and play to deal with emotional trauma.
Rosenheck,
R. 2002.
Reactions to the events of September 11.
New England Journal of Medicine,
346(8),
629.
Summary: This article comments on the article by M. A. Schuster et al discussing a national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. The author compared the average number of daily outpatient visits during the 19 working days before and after September 11 in different clinical groups and geographic locations and concludes that although the events of September 11 were profoundly traumatic for those directly involved and clearly distressing for others, they are not medically significant.
Summary: This article comments on the article by M. A. Schuster et al discussing a national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. The author compared the average number of daily outpatient visits during the 19 working days before and after September 11 in different clinical groups and geographic locations and concludes that although the events of September 11 were profoundly traumatic for those directly involved and clearly distressing for others, they are not medically significant.
Rosenthal,
U., Charles, M.T., & Hart, P. (Eds) 1989.
Coping with crises: The management of disasters, riots and terrorism. Thomas: Illinois,
Summary: This book attempts to expand our knowledge in the area of crisis management by focusing on high-profile events occurring in recent history. By combining case-oriented analyses of historical crises with a consistent yet diverse analytical repertory, this book provides a basis for thinking about enhancing our capacity to anticipate, prevent, and cope with crises.
Summary: This book attempts to expand our knowledge in the area of crisis management by focusing on high-profile events occurring in recent history. By combining case-oriented analyses of historical crises with a consistent yet diverse analytical repertory, this book provides a basis for thinking about enhancing our capacity to anticipate, prevent, and cope with crises.
Sack,
W.H., Angell, R. H., Kinzie, J. D., and Rath, B. 1986.
The psychiatric effects of massive trauma on Cambodian children: II. The family, the home, and the school.
Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry,
25(3),
377-383.
Summary: The second article of a two-part study, the authors studied 40 Cambodian students who survived 4 years under the Pol Pot regime and 6 age-matched students who escaped prior to Pol Pot, using home interviews and school teacher ratings. Students reported more distress with school grades, peers, and themselves than was observed by their caretakers. Additionally, students receiving a psychiatric diagnosis were more likely to be rated by their teachers as withdrawn than as disruptive.
Summary: The second article of a two-part study, the authors studied 40 Cambodian students who survived 4 years under the Pol Pot regime and 6 age-matched students who escaped prior to Pol Pot, using home interviews and school teacher ratings. Students reported more distress with school grades, peers, and themselves than was observed by their caretakers. Additionally, students receiving a psychiatric diagnosis were more likely to be rated by their teachers as withdrawn than as disruptive.
Schuster,
M.A., Stein, B.D., Jaycox, L. H., Collins, R.L., Marshall, G.N., Elliott, M.N., Zhou, A.J.,
Kanouse, D.E., Morrison, J.L., & Berry, S.H. 2001.
A national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks.
New England Journal of Medicine,
345(20),
1507-1512.
Summary: This article used a survey to assess the immediate mental health effects of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 across the nation. 44% of the adults reported one or more substantial symptoms of stress; 90% had one or more symptoms to at least some degree. The authors concluded that after the September 11 terrorist attacks, Americans across the country, including children, had substantial symptoms of stress.
Summary: This article used a survey to assess the immediate mental health effects of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 across the nation. 44% of the adults reported one or more substantial symptoms of stress; 90% had one or more symptoms to at least some degree. The authors concluded that after the September 11 terrorist attacks, Americans across the country, including children, had substantial symptoms of stress.
Schuster,
M.A., M.A., Stein, B.D., & Jaycox, L.H. 2002.
"Reactions to the events of September 11": Reply.
New England Journal of Medicine,
346(8),
629-630.
Summary: This article replies to the comments by R. Rosenheck on the original article which discussed a national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. Most people that were using healthy coping strategies, such as talking with others, turning to religion, participating in group activities, and volunteering.
Summary: This article replies to the comments by R. Rosenheck on the original article which discussed a national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. Most people that were using healthy coping strategies, such as talking with others, turning to religion, participating in group activities, and volunteering.
Scurfield,
R.M. 2002.
Commentary about the terrorist acts of September 11, 2001: Posttraumatic reactions and related social and policy issues.
Trauma Violence & Abuse,
3(1),
3-14.
Summary: This article serves as a commentary on the September 11 attacks, the reactions of those affected by the attacks, policy issues, and choices Americans are facing.
Summary: This article serves as a commentary on the September 11 attacks, the reactions of those affected by the attacks, policy issues, and choices Americans are facing.
Shalev,
A.Y. 1992.
Posttraumatic stress disorder among injured survivors of a terrorist attack: Predictive
value of early intrusion and avoidance symptoms.
Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease,
180(8),
505-509.
Summary: This article follows 15 injured survivors of a terrorist attack over the course of two years. Across the study, 33% of the patients suffered from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Summary: This article follows 15 injured survivors of a terrorist attack over the course of two years. Across the study, 33% of the patients suffered from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Shalif,
Y., & Leibler, M. 2002.
Working with people experiencing terrorist attacks in Israel: A narrative perspective.
Journal of Systemic Therapies Special Issue: Reflections in the aftermath of September 11,
21(3),
60-70.
Summary: Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, the civilian population has endured many terrorist attacks. This reality, together with an expanded network of mental and social services, has led to the development of extensive interventions directed toward helping those people who experienced these terrorist attacks. Over a period of many years, the authors have worked extensively with children and adults in Jewish communities in Judea and Samaria who have been subjected to terrorist attacks.
Summary: Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, the civilian population has endured many terrorist attacks. This reality, together with an expanded network of mental and social services, has led to the development of extensive interventions directed toward helping those people who experienced these terrorist attacks. Over a period of many years, the authors have worked extensively with children and adults in Jewish communities in Judea and Samaria who have been subjected to terrorist attacks.
Shapiro,
E.R. 2002.
Family bereavement after collective trauma: Private suffering, public meanings, and cultural contexts.
Journal of Systemic Therapies Special Issue: Reflections in the aftermath of September 11,
21(3),
81-92.
Summary: The author describes how the September 11 terrorist attack challenged her to articulate more fully the social and political dimensions of culture as a critical context for family bereavement after traumatic grief. The author describes a multisystemic, developmental approach to family grief after traumatic loss that highlights the role of public interpretations, social supports, and ethical accountability as contexts for the family's grief and potential for shared growth.
Summary: The author describes how the September 11 terrorist attack challenged her to articulate more fully the social and political dimensions of culture as a critical context for family bereavement after traumatic grief. The author describes a multisystemic, developmental approach to family grief after traumatic loss that highlights the role of public interpretations, social supports, and ethical accountability as contexts for the family's grief and potential for shared growth.
Shariat,
S, Mallonee, S., Kruger, E., Farmer, K., & North, C. 1999.
A prospective study of long-term health outcomes among Oklahoma City bombing survivors.
Journal of Oklahoma Medical Association,
92(4),
178-181.
Summary: This study was conducted to identify long-term physical and emotional outcomes of the Oklahoma City bombing. In interviews with survivors, results showed that those people who were severely injured in the bombing showed higher rates of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder.
Summary: This study was conducted to identify long-term physical and emotional outcomes of the Oklahoma City bombing. In interviews with survivors, results showed that those people who were severely injured in the bombing showed higher rates of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder.
Shaw,
J.A., & Harris, J.J 1994.
Children of war and children at war: Child victims of terrorism in
Mozambique.
In: Ursano, R.J. and McCaughey, B. G.(Eds) Individual and community responses to trauma and disaster: The structure of human chaos. Cambridge University Press: New York.,
287-305.
Summary: This book chapter describes a 3-Phase prevention intervention program presented to the government of Mozambique that would reduce psychiatric morbidity and promote the child's developmental and adaptive capacities after terrorist attacks.
Summary: This book chapter describes a 3-Phase prevention intervention program presented to the government of Mozambique that would reduce psychiatric morbidity and promote the child's developmental and adaptive capacities after terrorist attacks.
Sidhoum,
M.O.A., Arar, F., Bouatta, C., Khaled, N., & Elmasri, M. 2002.
Terrorism, traumatic events and mental health in Algeria.
In: de Jong, J. (Ed) Trauma, war, and violence: Public mental health in socio-cultural context. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers: New York.,
367-404.
Summary: This book chapter outlines a public mental health model with the objective of alleviating the burden of violence and terrorism on the population in Algeria and uses case examples to illustrate the effects of the violence on social structure and social and family values. The effects of the violence include a lack of trust, feelings of hopelessness, and a decline in the social cohesion and support. The article concludes that these effects threaten to become the long-term after-effects of the crisis.
Summary: This book chapter outlines a public mental health model with the objective of alleviating the burden of violence and terrorism on the population in Algeria and uses case examples to illustrate the effects of the violence on social structure and social and family values. The effects of the violence include a lack of trust, feelings of hopelessness, and a decline in the social cohesion and support. The article concludes that these effects threaten to become the long-term after-effects of the crisis.
Silove,
S.M., & Kinzie, J.D. 2001.
Survivors of war trauma, mass violence, and civilian terror.
In: Gerrity, E. & Keane, T. M. (Eds). The mental health consequences of torture. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Netherlands.,
159-174.
Summary: This book chapter considers the effects of torture with regard to the measurement of trauma and the relationship of traumatic experiences to psychiatric outcomes, rates of trauma-related psychiatric disorders and possible reasons for their variability across studies, and possible moderators of traumatic effects.
Summary: This book chapter considers the effects of torture with regard to the measurement of trauma and the relationship of traumatic experiences to psychiatric outcomes, rates of trauma-related psychiatric disorders and possible reasons for their variability across studies, and possible moderators of traumatic effects.
Silver,
S.M., & Rogers, S. 2002.
Light in the heart of darkness: EMDR and the treatment of war and
terrorism survivors. W. W. Norton & Co: New York,
Summary: This book suggests that recent developments in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) can be successfully applied to the treatment of war and terrorism trauma. The authors focus on the application of EMDR to clients' traumatic experiences, covering a wide range of traumatic settings and survivors of violence as well as providing a review of the research on the use of EMDR, specific case studies to demonstrate their results as well as general suggestions for integrating EMDR into the therapeutic process.
Summary: This book suggests that recent developments in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) can be successfully applied to the treatment of war and terrorism trauma. The authors focus on the application of EMDR to clients' traumatic experiences, covering a wide range of traumatic settings and survivors of violence as well as providing a review of the research on the use of EMDR, specific case studies to demonstrate their results as well as general suggestions for integrating EMDR into the therapeutic process.
Simpson,
M.A. 1998.
The second bullet: Transgenerational impacts of the trauma of conflict within a South African and world context.
In: Danieli, Y. (Ed). International handbook of multigenerational legacies of trauma. Plenum Press: New York.,
487-511.
Summary: This book chapter draws from work with South African apartheid-era victims and perpetrators. It discusses the continuing effects of unresolved conflicts on individuals, families, communities, and nations, social responses to conflict and war, cultural aspects of responses to trauma, the changing nature of war, the role of children in the South African struggle for freedom, the effects of child trauma on parents, and the effect of parental trauma on children.
Summary: This book chapter draws from work with South African apartheid-era victims and perpetrators. It discusses the continuing effects of unresolved conflicts on individuals, families, communities, and nations, social responses to conflict and war, cultural aspects of responses to trauma, the changing nature of war, the role of children in the South African struggle for freedom, the effects of child trauma on parents, and the effect of parental trauma on children.
Sipe,
R.B. 1985.
Sandinista psychology and Contra terrorism: An eyewitness report on Nicaragua Libre.
Issues in Radical Therapy,
11(4),
16-19, 50-52.
Summary: This article describes the status of mental health services in Nicaragua under the Sandinista government and especially illustrates the openness of mental health workers to new ideas such as body therapy, contract therapy, and constructive criticism.
Summary: This article describes the status of mental health services in Nicaragua under the Sandinista government and especially illustrates the openness of mental health workers to new ideas such as body therapy, contract therapy, and constructive criticism.
Sittrle,
K.A., & Gurwich, R.H 1998.
The terrorist bombing in Oklahoma City.
In: Sinner, E.S. & Williams, M.B., eds. When a Community Weeps: Case studies in Group Survivorship. Philadelphia: Brunner/Mazzel.,
Summary: This book chapter describes the events that took place during and after the Oklahoma City bombing. Special attention is paid to ways in which mental health workers dealt with victims and family members, as well as what survivors did to help themselves heal.
Summary: This book chapter describes the events that took place during and after the Oklahoma City bombing. Special attention is paid to ways in which mental health workers dealt with victims and family members, as well as what survivors did to help themselves heal.
Smith,
D.W., Christiansen, E.H., Vincent, R., & Hann, N.E. 1999.
Population effects of the bombing of Oklahoma City.
Journal of Oklahoma State Medical Association,
92(4),
193-198.
Summary: The goal of this study was to measure the exposure and effects of the Oklahoma City bombing among the general population. Results showed that exposure to the bombing was widespread and that psychological effects were high and persisted across time.
Summary: The goal of this study was to measure the exposure and effects of the Oklahoma City bombing among the general population. Results showed that exposure to the bombing was widespread and that psychological effects were high and persisted across time.
Sprang,
G. 2001.
Vicarious stress: Patterns of disturbance and use of mental health services by those
indirectly affected by the Oklahoma City bombing.
Psychological Reports,
89(2),
331-338.
Summary: This study examines the psychological effects of terrorism on adults not directly affected by the Oklahoma City bombing by examining the course of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and subthreshold PTSD symptoms over time. Analysis illustrated that avoidance, re-experiencing, and increased arousal symptoms declined over time with or without treatment.
Summary: This study examines the psychological effects of terrorism on adults not directly affected by the Oklahoma City bombing by examining the course of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and subthreshold PTSD symptoms over time. Analysis illustrated that avoidance, re-experiencing, and increased arousal symptoms declined over time with or without treatment.
Tucker,
P., Pfefferbaum, B., Vincent, R., Boehler, S.D., & Nixon, S.J. 1998.
Oklahoma City: Disaster challenges mental health and medical administrators.
Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research,
25(1),
93-99.
Summary: This article describes the actions that mental health and medical administrators took in responding to the Oklahoma City bombing, such as assisting in the immediate rescue response, organizing crisis hotlines, and preparing mental health professionals to counsel bereaved families and victims.
Summary: This article describes the actions that mental health and medical administrators took in responding to the Oklahoma City bombing, such as assisting in the immediate rescue response, organizing crisis hotlines, and preparing mental health professionals to counsel bereaved families and victims.
Tucker,
P., Dickson, W., Pfefferbaum, B., McDonald, N.B., & Allen, G. 1997.
Traumatic reactions as predictors of posttraumatic stress six months after the Oklahoma City bombing.
Psychiatric Services,
48(9),
1191-1194.
Summary: This study attempted to determine if remembered reactions to the Oklahoma City bombing predicted the later development of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Results showed that those people who experienced a significant amount of anxiety at the time of the bombing were more likely to experience distress later on.
Summary: This study attempted to determine if remembered reactions to the Oklahoma City bombing predicted the later development of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Results showed that those people who experienced a significant amount of anxiety at the time of the bombing were more likely to experience distress later on.
Tucker,
P., Pfefferbaum, B., Nixon, S.J., & Dickson, W. 2000.
Predictors of post-traumatic stress
symptoms in Oklahoma City: Exposure, social support, peri-traumatic responses.
Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research,
27(4),
406-416.
Summary: The authors assessed 85 adults seeking mental health assistance after the Oklahoma City bombing. Injury was highly associated with PTSD and symptoms were more likely to occur in those reporting counseling to help and those feeling nervous or afraid at the time of the bombing.
Summary: The authors assessed 85 adults seeking mental health assistance after the Oklahoma City bombing. Injury was highly associated with PTSD and symptoms were more likely to occur in those reporting counseling to help and those feeling nervous or afraid at the time of the bombing.
Tucker,
P., Pfefferbaum, B., Dickson, W., & Foy, D.W. 1999.
Trauma and recovery among adults highly exposed to a community disaster.
Psychiatric Annals,
29(2),
78-83.
Summary: This article details several cases of adults highly affected by the Oklahoma City bombing. They conclude that even four years after the event, many adults continue to experience symptoms of posttraumatic stress and anxiety.
Summary: This article details several cases of adults highly affected by the Oklahoma City bombing. They conclude that even four years after the event, many adults continue to experience symptoms of posttraumatic stress and anxiety.
Tucker,
P., Boehler, S.D., Dickson, W., Lensgraf, S.J., & Jones, D. 1999.
Mental health response to the Oklahoma City bombing.
Journal of Oklahoma State Medical Association,
92(4),
168-171.
Summary: This article reviews several studies on the mental health worker response to the Oklahoma City bombing. Additionally, it talks about the importance of long-term mental health care intervention for both victims and first responders.
Summary: This article reviews several studies on the mental health worker response to the Oklahoma City bombing. Additionally, it talks about the importance of long-term mental health care intervention for both victims and first responders.
Ursano,
R.J., McCaughey, B.G., & Fullerton, C.S. (Eds) 1994.
Individual and community responses to trauma and disaster: The structure of human chaos. Cambridge University Press: New York,
Summary: This book seeks to improve understanding of the human experience of trauma at the individual and community levels, and to help the victims of trauma. Additionally, the book focuses on preparedness, prevention and care of psychological effects of disasters through psychiatric and other interventions in both civilian and military settings.
Summary: This book seeks to improve understanding of the human experience of trauma at the individual and community levels, and to help the victims of trauma. Additionally, the book focuses on preparedness, prevention and care of psychological effects of disasters through psychiatric and other interventions in both civilian and military settings.
Wessely,
S., Hyams, K.C. & Bartholomew, R. 2001.
Psychological implications of chemical and
biological weapons.
BMJ: British Medical Journal,
323(7318),
878-879.
Summary: This article discusses the psychological effects associated with terrorist attacks involving chemical and biological weapons. The recent association in the media between terror and these types of weapons serves to provide the groundwork for psychological damage in the event of one of these attacks. Chemical and biological attacks would show an increase in malaise, fear, and anxiety as well as possible chronic health effects.
Summary: This article discusses the psychological effects associated with terrorist attacks involving chemical and biological weapons. The recent association in the media between terror and these types of weapons serves to provide the groundwork for psychological damage in the event of one of these attacks. Chemical and biological attacks would show an increase in malaise, fear, and anxiety as well as possible chronic health effects.
Whittlesey,
S.W., S.W., Vinekar, S. & Tucker, P. 1999.
The Oklahoma City bombing: Learning from disaster.
Psychiatric Times,
Summary: This article discusses ways that mental health workers can help those who grieve after a disaster and also serves to clarify the role of the clinician in disastrous situations
Summary: This article discusses ways that mental health workers can help those who grieve after a disaster and also serves to clarify the role of the clinician in disastrous situations
Whittlesey,
S.W., Allen, J.R., Bell, B.D., Lindsey, E.D., Speed, L.F., Lucas, A.F., Ware, M.M., Allen,
S.F. & Pfefferbaum, B. 1999.
Avoidance in Trauma: Conscious and unconscious defense, pathology, and health.
Psychiatry,
62,
303-312.
Summary: This article describes and discusses clinical aspects of avoidance in traumatized children and their families. Methods for treatment are also discussed.
Summary: This article describes and discusses clinical aspects of avoidance in traumatized children and their families. Methods for treatment are also discussed.
Zinner,
E.S., & Williams, M.B. (Eds.) 1999.
When a community weeps: Case studies in group survivorship,
Summary: This book discusses the devastating effects of disasters, as well as how communities can heal in their aftermath, the potential long-term impacts, and the role of mental health professionals in offering assistance by detailing several accounts of disaster management illustrating how communities coped with each disaster on several different levels.
Summary: This book discusses the devastating effects of disasters, as well as how communities can heal in their aftermath, the potential long-term impacts, and the role of mental health professionals in offering assistance by detailing several accounts of disaster management illustrating how communities coped with each disaster on several different levels.
 2000 - 2008 Lawson Terrorism Information Center
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